06-1350/Class Notes for Tuesday November 7

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The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Type Invariants

Almost Theorem. There exists a universal TG-morphism $Z=(Z_{\Gamma }):KTG\to {\mathcal {A}}$ from the TG-algebra of knotted trivalent graphs to the TG-algebra of Jacobi diagrams. Furthermore, any two such TG-morphisms are twist equivalent.

Theorem. (Essentially due to Murakami and Ohtsuki, [MO]) There exists an R-normal TG-morphism $Z=(Z_{\Gamma }):KTG\to {\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ from the TG-algebra of knotted trivalent graphs to the $\nu$-twisted TG-algebra of Jacobi diagrams. Furthermore, any two such TG-morphisms are twist equivalent.

The above theorem is simply the accurate formulation of the almost theorem above it. The "almost theorem" is just what you would have expected, with an additional uniqueness statement. The "theorem" just adds to it a few normalizations that actually make it right. The determination of these normalizations is quite a feat; even defining them takes a page or two. I'm not entirely sure why the Gods of mathematics couldn't have just allowed the "almost theorem" to be true and make our lives a bit simpler.

Enough whining; we just need to define "R-normal" and ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$.

Definition. $Z$ is called R-normal if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z(\bigcirc)^{-1}Z(\MobiusSymbol)=\exp(\isolatedchord/4)} in ${\mathcal {A}}(\bigcirc )$, where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\MobiusSymbol)} denotes the positively-twisted Möbius band and where Failed to parse (unknown function "\isolatedchord"): {\displaystyle (\isolatedchord)} denotes the unique degree 1 chord diagram in ${\mathcal {A}}(\bigcirc )$.

Definition. ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ is almost the same as ${\mathcal {A}}$. It has the same spaces (i.e., for any $\Gamma$, ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }(\Gamma )={\mathcal {A}}(\Gamma )$), but two of the operations on ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ get "renormalized":

The edge-unzip operations.

Let $\nu$ denote the specific element of ${\mathcal {A}}(\uparrow )$ defined in the following subsection. If $u_{e}$ denotes the unzip operation of an edge $e$ for the TG-algebra ${\mathcal {A}}$ and $u_{e}^{\nu }$ is the corresponding operation in ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$, the two operations are related by $u_{e}^{\nu }=\nu _{e'}^{-1/2}\nu _{e''}^{-1/2}u_{e}\nu _{e}^{1/2}$. Here "$\nu _{e}^{1/2}$" means "inject a copy of $\nu ^{1/2}$ on the edge $e$ of $\Gamma$, and likewise, "$\nu _{e'}^{-1/2}\nu _{e''}^{-1/2}$" means "inject copies of $\nu ^{-1/2}$ on the edges $e'$ and $e''$ of $u_{e}\Gamma$ that are created by the unzip of $e$".

The graph-connect operations.

Following any "blank" graph-connect operation as in ${\mathcal {A}}$, inject a copy of $\nu ^{-1/2}$ on the "new" edge created for the connection.

The Mysterious $\nu$

It remains to define $\nu \in {\mathcal {A}}(\uparrow )$. Well, it is the element often called "the invariant of the unknot", for indeed, by a long chain of reasoning, it is the invariant of the unknot. It is also given by the following explicit formula of [BGRT] and [BLT]:

$\nu =\chi \left(\exp _{\cup }\left(\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{2n}\omega _{2n}\right)\right).$

In the above formula \chi denotes the PBW "symmetrization" map, $\exp _{\cup }$ means "exponentiation in the disjoint union sense", $\omega _{2n}$ is the "wheel with $2n$ legs" (so Failed to parse (unknown function "\twowheel"): {\displaystyle \omega_2=\twowheel,} Failed to parse (unknown function "\fourwheel"): {\displaystyle \omega_4=\fourwheel,} etc.) and the $b_{2n}$'s are the "modified Bernoulli numbers" defined by the power series expansion

$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }b_{2n}x^{2n}={\frac {1}{2}}\log {\frac {\sinh x/2}{x/2}}$

(so $b_{2}=1/48$, $b_{4}=-1/5760$, $b_{6}=1/362880$, etc.).

Some values of the invariant

While these are not necessary for the statement of the theorem, it is worthwhile to note that the invariants of the unknot, the unknotted \theta-graph and the unknotted dumbbell are as follows:

Some noteworthy invariants

References

[BGRT] ^  D. Bar-Natan, S. Garoufalidis, L. Rozansky and D. P. Thurston, Wheels, wheeling, and the Kontsevich integral of the unknot, Israel Journal of Mathematics 119 (2000) 217-237, arXiv:q-alg/9703025.

[BLT] ^  D. Bar-Natan, T. Q. T. Le and D. P. Thurston, Two applications of elementary knot theory to Lie algebras and Vassiliev invariants, Geometry and Topology 7-1 (2003) 1-31, arXiv:math.QA/0204311.

[MO] ^  J. Murakami and T. Ohtsuki, Topological Quantum Field Theory for the Universal Quantum Invariant, Communications in Mathematical Physics 188 (1997) 501-520.