|
|
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
|
{{09-240/Navigation}} |
|
|
|
|
<gallery> |
|
<gallery> |
|
Image:09-240 Classnotes for Tuesday September 15 2009 page 1.jpg|Page 1 |
|
Image:09-240 Classnotes for Tuesday September 15 2009 page 1.jpg|Page 1 |
Revision as of 23:42, 15 September 2009
Additions to the MAT 240 web site no longer count towards good deed points
|
#
|
Week of...
|
Notes and Links
|
1
|
Sep 7
|
Tue, About, Thu
|
2
|
Sep 14
|
Tue, HW1, HW1 Solution, Thu
|
3
|
Sep 21
|
Tue, HW2, HW2 Solution, Thu, Photo
|
4
|
Sep 28
|
Tue, HW3, HW3 Solution, Thu
|
5
|
Oct 5
|
Tue, HW4, HW4 Solution, Thu,
|
6
|
Oct 12
|
Tue, Thu
|
7
|
Oct 19
|
Tue, HW5, HW5 Solution, Term Test on Thu
|
8
|
Oct 26
|
Tue, Why LinAlg?, HW6, HW6 Solution, Thu
|
9
|
Nov 2
|
Tue, MIT LinAlg, Thu
|
10
|
Nov 9
|
Tue, HW7, HW7 Solution Thu
|
11
|
Nov 16
|
Tue, HW8, HW8 Solution, Thu
|
12
|
Nov 23
|
Tue, HW9, HW9 Solution, Thu
|
13
|
Nov 30
|
Tue, On the final, Thu
|
S
|
Dec 7
|
Office Hours
|
F
|
Dec 14
|
Final on Dec 16
|
To Do List
|
The Algebra Song!
|
Register of Good Deeds
|
Misplaced Material
|
![09-240-ClassPhoto.jpg](/images/thumb/6/6f/09-240-ClassPhoto.jpg/180px-09-240-ClassPhoto.jpg) Add your name / see who's in!
|
|
The real numbers A set
with two binary operators and two special elements
s.t.
![{\displaystyle F1.\quad \forall a,b\in \mathbb {R} ,a+b=b+a{\mbox{ and }}a\cdot b=b\cdot a}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89e2084a598d3aee71bf052e635228ff28680dde)
![{\displaystyle F2.\quad \forall a,b,c,(a+b)+c=a+(b+c){\mbox{ and }}(a\cdot b)\cdot c=a\cdot (b\cdot c)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7a5a7306b8734d61df7726f4e4b61779dc48022)
![{\displaystyle {\mbox{(So for any real numbers }}a_{1},a_{2},...,a_{n},{\mbox{ one can sum them in any order and achieve the same result.}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7834e3c93dc288e9cbddb9a82ee0359267eb3b8e)
![{\displaystyle F3.\quad \forall a,a+0=a{\mbox{ and }}a\cdot 0=0{\mbox{ and }}a\cdot 1=a}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2b9eafa64d8b239c92290bc5821a91929dfc6b4)
![{\displaystyle F4.\quad \forall a,\exists b,a+b=0{\mbox{ and }}\forall a\neq 0,\exists b,a\cdot b=1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c28670c5b19bcc977e870f9b1eb5dadf80219396)
![{\displaystyle {\mbox{So }}a+(-a)=0{\mbox{ and }}a\cdot a^{-1}=1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/001dc0d80a90e25b173645ead18e028aa45db4dd)
![{\displaystyle {\mbox{(So }}(a+b)\cdot (a-b)=a^{2}-b^{2})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e4dbaa0a51225955499a55d55a1a3b46579353a)
![{\displaystyle \forall a,\exists x,x\cdot x=a{\mbox{ or }}a+x\cdot x=0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d71a04dc0d2158e1688436802e87c744d5a4a1c)
- Note: or means inclusive or in math.
![{\displaystyle F5.\quad (a+b)\cdot c=a\cdot c+b\cdot c}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21604a4fa96fe8e1edba621cc64a185f452fedea)
Definition: A field is a set F with two binary operators
: F×F → F,
: F×F → F and two elements
s.t.
![{\displaystyle F1\quad {\mbox{Commutativity }}a+b=b+a{\mbox{ and }}a\cdot b=b\cdot a\forall a,b\in F}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93874137d44d34260a9f9fcbe7fe7d523dda1a86)
![{\displaystyle F2\quad {\mbox{Associativity }}(a+b)+c=a+(b+c){\mbox{ and }}(a\cdot b)\cdot c=a\cdot (b\cdot c)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f2fe1a974b35f76aec8419cbe96228452778168e)
![{\displaystyle F3\quad a+0=a,a\cdot 1=a}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/038718cdb35f50ca32b3f80148bdb18d771fece8)
![{\displaystyle F4\quad \forall a,\exists b,a+b=0{\mbox{ and }}\forall a\neq 0,\exists b,a\cdot b=1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b3fec383fede7d5334150f44d93f4a502330a3c)
![{\displaystyle F5\quad {\mbox{Distributivity }}(a+b)\cdot c=a\cdot c+b\cdot c}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0aa3a67ba8c2a33052b2319934b954ab4c640f1)
Examples
![{\displaystyle F=\mathbb {R} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/153faf37401acde5841386b70649e8616aabdea0)
![{\displaystyle F=\mathbb {Q} }](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e178128ef93304af241f3706aacc15908eb9bfb3)
![{\displaystyle i={\sqrt {-1}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/370c8cebe9634fbfc84c29ea61680b0ad4a1ae0d)
![{\displaystyle \,\!(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b426dc2b841f290fb62b08b29a7f78c4a0a0daa7)
![{\displaystyle \,\!0=0+0i,1=1+0i}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/293b5598eb3af046e8bed474b5c5fb8155fd8d05)
![{\displaystyle \,\!F_{2}=\{0,1\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d33ac4cd92e1a50e706b4713830b0e0af70b5258)
![{\displaystyle \,\!F_{7}=\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6\}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ca480aae37fc5ace8a4d80c553b95e7e904a1aa)
is not a field because not every element has a multiplicative inverse.
- Let
![{\displaystyle a=2.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/393128c6a62f3c6c70a643fd904ff6851ed32a34)
- Then
![{\displaystyle a\cdot 0=0,a\cdot 1=2,a\cdot 3=0,a\cdot 4=2,a\cdot 5=4}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d0bc7f3f2fcd00c32dab006cbc4c0e9213fda2a)
- Therefore F4 fails; there is no number b in F6 s.t. a · b = 1
|
|
Ex. 5
+ |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
0
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
1
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
0
|
2
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
0 |
1
|
3
|
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
0 |
1 |
2
|
4
|
4 |
5 |
6 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3
|
5
|
5 |
6 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4
|
6
|
6 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5
|
|
Ex. 5
× |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6
|
0
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0
|
1
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
0
|
2
|
0 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
1 |
3 |
1
|
3
|
0 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
2
|
4
|
0 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
2 |
6 |
3
|
5
|
0 |
5 |
3 |
1 |
6 |
4 |
4
|
6
|
0 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
5
|
|
Theorem:
for
is a field iff (if and only if)
is a prime number
Tedious Theorem
"cancellation property"
- Proof:
- By F4,
![{\displaystyle \exists d{\mbox{ s.t. }}b+d=0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23c78a46113e4287d59923b9ee90331d67b2dd81)
![{\displaystyle \,\!(a+b)+d=(c+b)+d}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e7af7e347780e5723f2833b619c3060024d5eb2)
by F2
by choice of d
by F3
![{\displaystyle a\cdot b=c\cdot b,(b\neq 0)\Rightarrow a=c}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2ced49d865d0432d4f4d17f3e4da7be8d9ad620)
- Proof:
![{\displaystyle \,\!a+O'=a}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53eb7d4c3e3cac0c990094f4747d7e5ff5b43aa3)
by F3
by adding the additive inverse of a to both sides
![{\displaystyle a\cdot l'=a,a\neq 0\Rightarrow l'=1}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8583051031c201818cef594c353bc7ba112f27cb)
![{\displaystyle a+b=0=a+b'\Rightarrow b=b'}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a58da83bf3225ca9dcb62b8096044292d68fc9ce)
![{\displaystyle \,\!{\mbox{Aside: }}a-b=a+(-b)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/947118df0c750d982c13a051edd614576d2d07b8)
![{\displaystyle {\frac {a}{b}}=a\cdot b^{-1}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8cdbee908aed375b5c831185e8683fb0d65d5f2c)
![{\displaystyle \,\!-(-a)=a,(a^{-1})^{-1}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1442200fb2fa12a2804046007cc9bed861baeabe)
- Proof:
by F3
by F5
![{\displaystyle =0=a\cdot 0}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9343fc806ed69a139ba635a6e4e5ecdc104dd792)
- So there is no 0−1
![{\displaystyle (-a)\cdot b=a\cdot (-b)=-(a\cdot b)}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5d16ba907d21442887ae310ae701e8c09885466)
![{\displaystyle (-a)\cdot (-b)=a\cdot b}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/181dae08317a84c955fc60ee081b2e7fe8b63f9c)
- (Bonus)
![{\displaystyle \,\!(a+b)(a-b)=a^{2}-b^{2}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9fa725ed61f67fa1ab6f9606809c4c3d5eb9fb0)