06-1350/Class Notes for Tuesday November 7

06-1350/Navigation Panel   # Week of... Links 1 Sep 11 About, Tue, Thu 2 Sep 18 Tue, Kurlin(P), Thu 3 Sep 25 Tue, Photo, Thu 4 Oct 2 HW1, Tue, Thu 5 Oct 9 Tue(P), Thu(P) 6 Oct 16 HW2, Tue(P), Thu(P) 7 Oct 23 Tue(P), Thu 8 Oct 30 HW3, Tue, Thu 9 Nov 6 Tue ($\nu$), Thu 10 Nov 13 Tue, Thu 11 Nov 20 HW4(P), Thu 12 Nov 27 Thu 13 Dec 4 Syzygies in Asymptote, Final Jan 8 Grades Note. (P) means "contains a problem that Dror cares about". Add your name / see who's in! On to 07-1352

The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Type Invariants

Almost Theorem. There exists a universal TG-morphism $Z=(Z_{\Gamma }):KTG\to {\mathcal {A}}$ from the TG-algebra of knotted trivalent graphs to the TG-algebra of Jacobi diagrams. Furthermore, any two such TG-morphisms are twist equivalent.

Theorem. (Essentially due to Murakami and Ohtsuki, [MO]; see also Dancso [Da]) There exists an R-normal TG-morphism $Z=(Z_{\Gamma }):KTG\to {\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ from the TG-algebra of knotted trivalent graphs to the $\nu$-twisted TG-algebra of Jacobi diagrams. Furthermore, any two such TG-morphisms are twist equivalent.

The above theorem is simply the accurate formulation of the almost theorem above it. The "almost theorem" is just what you would have expected, with an additional uniqueness statement. The "theorem" just adds to it a few normalizations that actually make it right. The determination of these normalizations is quite a feat; even defining them takes a page or two. I'm not entirely sure why the Gods of mathematics couldn't have just allowed the "almost theorem" to be true and make our lives a bit simpler.

Enough whining; we just need to define "R-normal" and ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$.

Definition. $Z$ is called R-normal if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z(\bigcirc)^{-1}Z(\MobiusSymbol)=\exp(\isolatedchord/4)} in ${\mathcal {A}}(\bigcirc )$, where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\MobiusSymbol)} denotes the positively-twisted Möbius band and where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\isolatedchord)} denotes the unique degree 1 chord diagram in ${\mathcal {A}}(\bigcirc )$.

Definition. ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ is almost the same as ${\mathcal {A}}$. It has the same spaces (i.e., for any $\Gamma$, ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }(\Gamma )={\mathcal {A}}(\Gamma )$), but the unzip operations on ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$ get "renormalized":

The edge-unzip operations.

Let $\nu$ denote the specific element of ${\mathcal {A}}(\uparrow )$ defined in the following subsection. If $u_{e}$ denotes the unzip operation of an edge $e$ for the TG-algebra ${\mathcal {A}}$ and $u_{e}^{\nu }$ is the corresponding operation in ${\mathcal {A}}^{\nu }$, the two operations are related by $u_{e}^{\nu }=\nu _{e'}^{-1/2}\nu _{e''}^{-1/2}u_{e}\nu _{e}^{1/2}$. Here "$\nu _{e}^{1/2}$" means "inject a copy of $\nu ^{1/2}$ on the edge $e$ of $\Gamma$, and likewise, "$\nu _{e'}^{-1/2}\nu _{e''}^{-1/2}$" means "inject copies of $\nu ^{-1/2}$ on the edges $e'$ and $e''$ of $u_{e}\Gamma$ that are created by the unzip of $e$".

The Mysterious $\nu$

It remains to define $\nu \in {\mathcal {A}}(\uparrow )$. Well, it is the element often called "the invariant of the unknot", for indeed, by a long chain of reasoning, it is the invariant of the unknot. It is also given by the following explicit formula of [BGRT] and [BLT]:

$\nu =\chi \left(\exp _{\cup }\left(\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }b_{2n}\omega _{2n}\right)\right).$

In the above formula \chi denotes the PBW "symmetrization" map, $\exp _{\cup }$ means "exponentiation in the disjoint union sense", $\omega _{2n}$ is the "wheel with $2n$ legs" (so Failed to parse (unknown function "\twowheel"): {\displaystyle \omega_2=\twowheel,} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \omega_4=\fourwheel,} etc.) and the $b_{2n}$'s are the "modified Bernoulli numbers" defined by the power series expansion

$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }b_{2n}x^{2n}={\frac {1}{2}}\log {\frac {\sinh x/2}{x/2}}$

(so $b_{2}=1/48$, $b_{4}=-1/5760$, $b_{6}=1/362880$, etc.).

Some values of the invariant

While these are not necessary for the statement of the theorem, it is worthwhile to note that the invariants of the unknot, the unknotted $\theta$-graph and the unknotted dumbbell are as follows:

Some noteworthy invariants

References

[BGRT] ^  D. Bar-Natan, S. Garoufalidis, L. Rozansky and D. P. Thurston, Wheels, wheeling, and the Kontsevich integral of the unknot, Israel Journal of Mathematics 119 (2000) 217-237, arXiv:q-alg/9703025.

[BLT] ^  D. Bar-Natan, T. Q. T. Le and D. P. Thurston, Two applications of elementary knot theory to Lie algebras and Vassiliev invariants, Geometry and Topology 7-1 (2003) 1-31, arXiv:math.QA/0204311.

[MO] ^  J. Murakami and T. Ohtsuki, Topological Quantum Field Theory for the Universal Quantum Invariant, Communications in Mathematical Physics 188 (1997) 501-520.