14-240/Classnotes for Wednesday September 10

DBN: Classes: 2014-15: 14-240 / Navigation Welcome to Math 240! (additions to this web site no longer count towards good deed points) # Week of... Notes and Links 1 Sep 8 About This Class, What is this class about? (PDF, HTML), Monday, Wednesday 2 Sep 15 HW1, Monday, Wednesday, TheComplexField.pdf,HW1_solutions.pdf 3 Sep 22 HW2, Class Photo, Monday, Wednesday, HW2_solutions.pdf 4 Sep 29 HW3, Wednesday, Tutorial, HW3_solutions.pdf 5 Oct 6 HW4, Monday, Wednesday, Tutorial, HW4_solutions.pdf 6 Oct 13 No Monday class (Thanksgiving), Wednesday, Tutorial 7 Oct 20 HW5, Term Test at tutorials on Tuesday, Wednesday 8 Oct 27 HW6, Monday, Why LinAlg?, Wednesday, Tutorial 9 Nov 3 Monday is the last day to drop this class, HW7, Monday, Wednesday, Tutorial 10 Nov 10 HW8, Monday, Tutorial 11 Nov 17 Monday-Tuesday is UofT November break 12 Nov 24 HW9 13 Dec 1 Wednesday is a "makeup Monday"! End-of-Course Schedule, Tutorial F Dec 8 The Final Exam Register of Good Deeds Add your name / see who's in!

Knowledge about Fields:

During this lecture, we first talked about the properties of the real numbers. Then we applied these properties to the "Field". At the end of the lecture, we learned how to prove basic properties of fields.

The Real Numbers

Properties of Real Numbers

The real numbers are a set Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \R} with two binary operations:

     Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle + : \R \times \R \rightarrow \R}

     Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle * : \R \times \R \rightarrow \R}

such that the following properties hold.

• R1 : Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a, b \in \R, a + b = b + a ~\&~ a * b = b * a} (the commutative law)

• R2 : Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a, b, c \in \R, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) ~\&~ (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)} (the associative law)

• R3 : Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a \in \R, a + 0 = a ~\&~ a * 1 = a} (existence of units: 0 is known as the

| "additive unit" and 1 as the "multiplicative unit")

• R4 : Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a \in \R, \exists b \in \R, a + b = 0} ;

| Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a \in \R, a \ne 0 \Rightarrow \exists b \in \R, a * b = 1} (existence of inverses)

• R5 : $\forall a,b,c\in \mathbb {R} ,(a+b)*c=(a*c)+(b*c)$ (the distributive law)

Properties That Do Not Follow from R1-R5

There are properties which are true for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \R} , but do not follow from R1 to R5. For example (note that OR in mathematics denotes an "inclusive or"):

     Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a \in \R, \exists x \in \R, a = x^2}
 OR Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -a = x^2}
 (the existence of square roots)

Consider another set that satisfies all the properties R1 to R5. In $\mathbb {Q}$ (the rational numbers), let us take </math>a = 2</math>. There is no $x\in \mathbb {Q}$ such that $x^{2}=a=2$, so the statement above is not true for the rational numbers!

---

Fields

Definition

A "field" is a set $\mathbb {F}$ along with a pair of binary operations:

     $+:\mathbb {F} \times \mathbb {F} \rightarrow \mathbb {F}$

     $*:\mathbb {F} \times \mathbb {F} \rightarrow \mathbb {F}$

and along with a pair $(0,1)\in \mathbb {F} ,0\neq 1$, such that the following properties hold.

• F1 : $\forall a,b\in \mathbb {F} ,a+b=b+a~\&~a*b=b*a$ (the commutative law)

• F2 : $\forall a,b,c\in \mathbb {F} ,(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)~\&~(a*b)*c=a*(b*c)$ (the associative law)

• F3 : $\forall a\in \mathbb {F} ,a+0=a~\&~a*1=a$ (existence of units)

• F4 : $\forall a\in \mathbb {F} ,\exists b\in \mathbb {F} ,a+b=0$;

| $\forall a\in \mathbb {F} ,a\neq 0\Rightarrow \exists b\in \mathbb {F} ,a*b=1$ (existence of inverses)

• F5 : $\forall a,b,c\in \mathbb {F} ,(a+b)*c=(a*c)+(b*c)$ (the distributive law)

Examples

1. $\mathbb {R}$ is a field.
2. $\mathbb {Q}$ (the rational numbers) is a field.
3. $\mathbb {C}$ (the complex numbers) is a field.
4. $\mathbb {F} =\{0,1\}$ with operations defined as follows (known as $\mathbb {F} _{2}$ or $\mathbb {Z} /2$) is a field:

+	0	1
0	0	1
1	1	0

*	0	1
0	0	0
1	0	1

More generally, for every prime number $P$, $\mathbb {F} _{p}=\{0,1,2,3,\cdots ,p-1\}$ is a field, with operations defined by $(a,b)\rightarrow a+b\mod P$.

An example: $\mathbb {F} _{7}=\{0,1,2,3,4,5,6\}$, the operations are like remainders when divided by 7, or "like remainders mod 7". For example, $4+6=4+6\mod 7$ and $3*5=3*5\mod 7$.

Basic Properties of Fields

Theorem: Let $\mathbb {F}$ be a field, and let $a,b,c$ denote elements of $\mathbb {F}$. Then:

1. $a+b=c+b\Rightarrow a=c$ (cancellation law)
2. $b\neq 0~\&~a*b=c*b\Rightarrow a=c$

     Proof of 1: 
     1. By F4, $\exists b'\in \mathbb {F} ,b+b'=0$.
        We know that $a+b=c+b$;                                        
        Therefore $(a+b)+b'=(c+b)+b'$.
     2. By F2, $a+(b+b')=c+(b+b')$,
        so by the choice of $b'$, we know that $a+0=c+0$.
     3. Therefore, by F3, $a=c$.          
     ＾_＾     
      
     Proof of 2: more or less the same.

3. If $0'\in \mathbb {F}$ is "like 0", then it is 0:

  If $0'\in \mathbb {F}$ satisfies $\forall a\in \mathbb {F} ,a+0'=a$, then 0' = 0.

4. If $1'\in \mathbb {F}$ is "like 1", then it is 1:

  If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1' \in \mathbb{F}}
 satisfies that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a \in \mathbb{F}, a * 1' = a}
, then 1' = 1.

     Proof of 3 : 
     1. By F3 , 0' = 0' + 0.
     2. By F1 , 0' + 0 = 0 + 0'.
     3. By assumption on 0', 0' = 0 + 0' = 0.   
     ＾_＾

5. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a, b, b' \in \mathbb{F}, a + b = 0 ~\&~ a + b' = 0 \Rightarrow b = b'} :

  In any field "Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -a}
" makes sense because it is unique -- it has an unambiguous meaning.
  $(-a):$ the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b}
 such that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a + b = 0}
.

6. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \forall a, b, b' \in \mathbb{F}, a \ne 0 ~\&~ a * b = 1 = a * b' \Rightarrow b = b'} :

  In any field, if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a \ne 0}
, "Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^{-1}}
" makes sense.  
     
     Proof of 5 :    
     1. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a + b = 0 = a + b'}
.
     2. By F1, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b + a = b'+ a}
.
     3. By cancellation, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b = b'}
.              
     ＾_＾ 

7. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -(-a) = a} and when Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a \ne 0} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (a^{-1})^{-1} = a} .

     Proof of 7 : 
     1. By definition, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a + (-a) = 0}
.          (*)
     2. By definition, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (-a) + (-(-a) = 0}
.
     3. By (*) and F1, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (-a) + a = 0}
.
     4. By property 5, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -(-a) = a}
.    
     ＾_＾

Scanned Lecture Notes by AM

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