0708-1300/Class notes for Tuesday, October 9: Difference between revisions

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=== Scanned Notes ===
=== Scanned Notes ===
Scanned notes for today's class can be found [[0708-1300/Scanned Class notes for Tuesday, October 9| here]]
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(see discussion)
[[Image:top_10-09p2.jpg|thumb|left|200px]]

[[Image:top_10-09p3.jpg|thumb|left|200px]]

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1) More about "locally things look like their differential"
1) More about "locally things look like their differential"


2) The trick Sard's Theorem: "Evil points are rare, good points everywhere"
2) The tricky Sard's Theorem: "Evil points are rare, good points everywhere"




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'''Example 3'''
'''Example 3'''


Consider a function <math>\gamma</math> from a segment in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> onto a curve in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> such that <math>d\gamma</math> is never zero. Thus, rank(<math>d\gamma = 1</math>) and so <math>d\gamma</math> is never onto. Hence, ALL points are critical in the segment. The points on the curve are critical values, as they are images of critical points, and all points in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> NOT on the curve are vacuously regular.
Consider a function <math>\gamma</math> from a segment in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> onto a curve in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> such that <math>d\gamma</math> is never zero. Thus, rank(<math>d\gamma) = 1</math> and so <math>d\gamma</math> is never onto. Hence, ALL points are critical in the segment. The points on the curve are critical values, as they are images of critical points, and all points in <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math> NOT on the curve are vacuously regular.




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'''Proof of Theorem 2'''
'''Proof of Theorem 2'''


Let <math>f:M^m\rightarrow N^n</math> is smooth and y is a regular value. Pick a <math>p\in f^{-1}(y)</math>. p is a regular point and thus <math>df_p</math> is onto. Hence, by the submersion property (Reminder 2) we can find a "good charts" thats maps a neighborhood U of p by projection to a neighborhood V about y. Indeed, on U f looks like <math>\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^{m-1}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n</math> by <math>(x,z)\mapsto x</math>.
Let <math>f:M^m\rightarrow N^n</math> is smooth and y is a regular value. Pick a <math>p\in f^{-1}(y)</math>. p is a regular point and thus <math>df_p</math> is onto. Hence, by the submersion property (Reminder 2) we can find a "good charts" thats maps a neighborhood U of p by projection to a neighborhood V about y. Indeed, on U f looks like <math>\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^{m-n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n</math> by <math>(x,z)\mapsto x</math>.


So<math> f^{-1}(0) = \{(0,z)\} = \mathbb{R}^{m-n}</math>. ''Q.E.D''
So<math> f^{-1}(0) = \{(0,z)\} = \mathbb{R}^{m-n}</math>. ''Q.E.D''
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Let <math>N_1^{n_1}, N_2^{n_2} \subset M</math> be smooth submanifolds. Let <math>p\in N_1^{n_1} \bigcap N_2^{n_2}</math>
Let <math>N_1^{n_1}, N_2^{n_2} \subset M</math> be smooth submanifolds. Let <math>p\in N_1^{n_1} \bigcap N_2^{n_2}</math>


We say <math>N_1</math> is ''transverse'' to <math>N_2</math> in M at p if for <math>T_p N_1\subset T_p M</math> and<math> T_p N_2 \subset T_p M</math> satisfies <math>T_p N_1 + T_p N_2 = T_p M</math>
We say <math>N_1</math> is ''transverse'' to <math>N_2</math> in M at p if <math>T_p N_1\subset T_p M</math> and<math> T_p N_2 \subset T_p M</math> satisfy <math>T_p N_1 + T_p N_2 = T_p M</math>




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''Assistance needed'': There is a symbol for "intersects transversally" but I am not sure of the latex command. See the scanned notes for what this looks like, I will just write it.
''Assistance needed'': There is a symbol for "intersects transversally" but I am not sure of the latex command. See the scanned notes for what this looks like, I will just write it.

''RE: Assistance needed'': Try the command \pitchfork. I don't think you need any special packages, and it's pretty close to the "intersects transversally" symbol.




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'''Theorem 3'''
'''Theorem 3'''


If <math>N_1^{n_1}\bigcap N_2^{n_2} \subset M</math> transversally then
If <math>N_1^{n_1}\cap N_2^{n_2} \subset M</math> transversally then


1) <math>N_1\bigcap N_2</math> is a manifold of dimension <math>n_1 + n_2 - m</math>
1) <math>N_1\cap N_2</math> is a manifold of dimension <math>n_1 + n_2 - m</math>


2) Locally can find charts so that <math>N_1 = \{(n_1\ arb.\ pts.),( m-n_1\ zeros)\}</math> and <math>N_2 = \{(m-n_2\ zeros),( m-n_2\ arb.\ pts.)\}</math> with <math>N_1\bigcap N_2 = \{(m-n_2\ arb.\ pts.),(n_1+n_2 - 2m\ zeros), (m-n_1\ arb.\ pts.)\}</math>
2) Locally can find charts so that <math>N_1 = \mathbb{R}^{n_1} \times 0^{m-n_1}</math> and <math>N_2 = 0^{m-n_2} \times \mathbb{R}^{n_2}</math> with <math>N_1\cap N_2 = 0^{m-n_2} \times \mathbb{R}^{n_1+n_2 - m} \times 0^{m-n_1}</math>




''Recall a Thm from Linear Algebra''
''Recall a Thm from Linear Algebra''


If <math>W_1</math> and <math>W_2</math> subspaces of V then <math>dim(W_1 + W_2) + dim(W_1\bigcap W_2) = dim(W_1) + dim)W_2)</math>
If <math>W_1</math> and <math>W_2</math> subspaces of V then <math>dim(W_1 + W_2) + dim(W_1\cap W_2) = dim(W_1) + dim(W_2)</math>


In particular if <math>W_1 + W_2 = V</math> then <math>dim(W_1\bigcap W_2) = -dim(V) + dim(W_1) + dim(W_2)</math>
In particular if <math>W_1 + W_2 = V</math> then <math>dim(W_1\cap W_2) = -dim(V) + dim(W_1) + dim(W_2)</math>




'''Proof Scheme for Theorem 3'''
'''Proof Scheme for Theorem 3'''


We can write <math>N_i = \varphi_i^{-1}(0)</math> for some such <math>\varphi_i:U\subset M \rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{m-n_1 = cod(N_i)}</math>
We can write <math>N_i = \varphi_i^{-1}(0)</math> for some such <math>\varphi_i:U\subset M \rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{m-n_i = cod(N_i)}</math>


We then write <math>\varphi = \varphi_1\times\varphi_2: M\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{m-n_1}\times\mathbb{R}^{m-n_2} = \mathbb{R}^{2m - n_1 - n_2}</math>
We then write <math>\varphi = \varphi_1\times\varphi_2: M\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{m-n_1}\times\mathbb{R}^{m-n_2} = \mathbb{R}^{2m - n_1 - n_2}</math>


Hence, <math>N_1\bigcap N_2 = \varphi^{-1}(0)</math>
Hence, <math>N_1\cap N_2 = \varphi^{-1}(0)</math>


We want <math>rank(d\varphi_p) = 2m-n_1-n_2</math>. To prove this, we consider the aforementioned theorem from linear algebra with respect to the vector spaces obeying <math>ker(d\varphi) = ker(d\varphi_1)\bigcap ker(d\varphi_2)</math>
We want <math>rank(d\varphi_p) = 2m-n_1-n_2</math>. To prove this, we consider the aforementioned theorem from linear algebra with respect to the vector spaces obeying <math>ker(d\varphi) = ker(d\varphi_1)\cap ker(d\varphi_2)</math>


hence, and by rank nullity, <math>rank(d\varphi_p) = m - dim(ker(d\varphi)) = m - \left( dim(TN_1) + dim(TN_2) - dim(TN_1 + TN_2)\right) = </math>
hence, and by rank nullity, <math>rank(d\varphi_p) = m - dim(ker(d\varphi)) = m - \left( dim(TN_1) + dim(TN_2) - dim(TN_1 + TN_2)\right) = </math>
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as we wanted.
as we wanted.


This shows that 0 is a regular point and hence by our previous theorem <math>N_1\bigcap N_2</math> is a submanifold.
This shows that 0 is a regular value and hence by our previous theorem <math>N_1\cap N_2</math> is a submanifold.


Now, we know we can construct the following diagram,
Now, we know we can construct the following diagram,


<math>\begin{matrix}
<math>\begin{matrix}
N_1\bigcap N_2 & \rightarrow^{\varphi} & \mathbb{R}\\
N_1\cap N_2 & \rightarrow^{\varphi} & \mathbb{R}^{2m-n_1-n_2}\\
\downarrow &&\downarrow^{\iota}\\
\downarrow &&\downarrow^{\iota}\\
M&\rightarrow^{\lambda} & \mathbb{R}^m\\
M&\rightarrow^{\lambda} & \mathbb{R}^m\\
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We then set <math>\psi =</math> (the function that takes the first <math>n_1 +n_2-m</math> coordinates only)<math>\circ\lambda</math>
We then set <math>\psi =</math> (the function that takes the first <math>n_1 +n_2-m</math> coordinates only)<math>\circ\lambda</math>


hence, <math>\psi: M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n_1 + n_2 - m}</math> and <math>\psi |_{N_1\bigcap N_2}</math> is a chart for <math>N_1\bigcap N_2</math>
hence, <math>\psi: M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{n_1 + n_2 - m}</math> and <math>\psi |_{N_1\cap N_2}</math> is a chart for <math>N_1\cap N_2</math>


We now consider <math>\zeta: M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^m</math> given by <math>(\varphi_2,\psi, \varphi_1)</math>
We now consider <math>\zeta: M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^m</math> given by <math>(\varphi_2,\psi, \varphi_1)</math>
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Now on to some examples and comments about why Sard's Theorem is expected, but not obvious:
Now on to some examples and comments about why Sard's Theorem is expected, but not obvious:


'''Example 4'''
'''Example 5'''


Consider a standard "first year" smooth function <math>f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math>. The "critical points" are in the first year calculus sense where the derivative is zero and the critical values are the images of these points. hence, the set of critical values we expect to be "small"
Consider a standard "first year" smooth function <math>f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math>. The "critical points" are in the first year calculus sense where the derivative is zero and the critical values are the images of these points. hence, the set of critical values we expect to be "small"


'''Example 5'''
'''Example 6'''


Consider the function that folds the plane in half. The critical points are along the fold, as are the critical values and this line has 1 dimension and so of trivial measure in the plane (not that we have given it a measure yet!)
Consider the function that folds the plane in half. The critical points are along the fold, as are the critical values and this line has 1 dimension and so of trivial measure in the plane (not that we have not given it a measure yet!)




'''Claims:'''
'''Claims:'''


1) <math>\exists f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> whose critical values are homeomorphic to a canter set.
1) <math>\exists f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> whose critical values are homeomorphic to a cantor set.


2) <math>\exists</math> cantor sets with measure arbitrarily close to 1
2) <math>\exists</math> cantor sets with measure arbitrarily close to 1


3) <math>\exists g\in C^1:\mathbb{R}^2\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> whose critical points are a cantor set cross a cantor set and whose critical values are everything. Hence we will need out functions to be <math>C^{\infty}</math> in the theorem.
3) <math>\exists g\in C^1:\mathbb{R}^2\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> whose critical points are a cantor set cross a cantor set and whose critical values are everything. Hence we will need our functions to be <math>C^{\infty}</math> in the theorem.

==Evil functions==
==Evil functions==


===Example 1===
===Example 1===
'''Nota benne:''' Here we are using the name Cantor set for any perfect set with empty interior.

There exists a function <math>f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> smooth such that its set of critical values is homeomorphic to a Cantor set.
There exists a function <math>f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}</math> smooth such that its set of critical values is homeomorphic to a Cantor set.



Remember that
Remember that
<math>g_{a,b}:[a,b]\rightarrow \amthbb{R}</math>
<math>g_{a,b}:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math>


<math>g_{a,b}(x)=e^{-1/(x-a)^2}e^{-1/(x-b)^2}</math>
<math>g_{a,b}(x)=e^{-1/(x-a)^2}e^{-1/(x-b)^2}</math>
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is a smooth function such that <math>g_{a,b}(a)=g_{a,b}(b)=0</math>
is a smooth function such that <math>g_{a,b}(a)=g_{a,b}(b)=0</math>


We can define the function <math>h</math> in the complement of a Cantor set using the appropriate <math>g_{a,b}</math> in its of the intervals.
We can define the function <math>h</math> in the complement of a Cantor set using the appropriate <math>g_{a,b}</math> in the intervals of the complement.


Notices that <math>f(x)=\int_{0}^{x}h(t)dt</math> holds the conditions of the example.
Notices that <math>f(x)=\int_{0}^{x}h(t)dt</math> holds the conditions of the example.

We can divide the new <math>g_{a,b}</math> in each step of the construction by <math>1/2^n</math> just to make the integral converge. And of course define h(t)=0 on the Cantor set.

Observe that, since <math>h</math> is non negative, <math>f</math> is increasing (observe it is strictly increasing)(it is continuous too!).
Since increasing continuous functions have continuous inverses it is a homeomorphism.

Latest revision as of 16:59, 8 November 2007

Announcements go here

Class Notes

The notes below are by the students and for the students. Hopefully they are useful, but they come with no guarantee of any kind.

Scanned Notes

Scanned notes for today's class can be found here

(see discussion)


Typed Notes - First Hour

Reminder:

1) An immersion locally looks like given by

2) A submersion locally looks like given by


Today's Goals

1) More about "locally things look like their differential"

2) The tricky Sard's Theorem: "Evil points are rare, good points everywhere"


Definition 1

Let be smooth. A point is critical if is not onto rank . Otherwise, p is regular.


Definition 2 A point is a critical value of f if such that p is critical and . Otherwise, y is a regular value


Example 1

Consider the map given by . I.e., the projection map. The regular points are all the points on except the equator. The regular values, however, are all such that


Example 2

Consider given by . That is, . Clearly and so p is regular

So, the critical values are the image of zero, thus only zero. All other are regular values.


Note: In both the last two examples there were points in the target space that were NOT hit by the function and thus are vacuously regular. In the previous example these are the point x<0.


Example 3

Consider a function from a segment in onto a curve in such that is never zero. Thus, rank( and so is never onto. Hence, ALL points are critical in the segment. The points on the curve are critical values, as they are images of critical points, and all points in NOT on the curve are vacuously regular.


Theorem 1

Sard's Theorem

Almost every is regular the set of critical values of f is of measure zero.


Note: The measure is not specified (indeed, for a topological space there is no canonical measure defined). However the statement will be true for any measure.


Theorem 2

If is smooth and y is a regular value then is an embedded submanifold of of dimension m-n.


Re: Example 2

is a sphere and hence (again!) the sphere is a manifold


Re: Example 3

for regular y is empty and hence we get the trivial result that the empty set is a manifold


Proof of Theorem 2

Let is smooth and y is a regular value. Pick a . p is a regular point and thus is onto. Hence, by the submersion property (Reminder 2) we can find a "good charts" thats maps a neighborhood U of p by projection to a neighborhood V about y. Indeed, on U f looks like by .

So. Q.E.D


Diversion

Arbitrary objects can be described in two ways:

1) With a constructive definition

2) with an implicit definition

For example, a constructive definition of lines in is given by but implicitly they are the solutions to the equations and .

Hence in general, a constructive definition can be given in terms of an image and an implicit definition can be given in terms of a kernal.


Homological algebra is concerned with the difference between these philosophical approaches.


Remark

For submanifolds of smooth manifolds, there is no difference between the methods of definition.


Definition 3

Loosely we have the idea that a concave and convex curve which just touch at a tangent point is a "bad" intersection as it is unstable under small perturbation where as the intersection point in an X (thought of as being in ) is a "good" intersection as it IS stable under small perturbations.

Precisely,

Let be smooth submanifolds. Let

We say is transverse to in M at p if and satisfy


Example 4

Our concave intersecting with convex curve example intersecting tangentially has both of their tangent spaces at the intersection point being the same line and thus does not intersect transversally as the sum of the tangent spaces is not all of .

Our X example does however work.

Typed Notes - Second Hour

Assistance needed: There is a symbol for "intersects transversally" but I am not sure of the latex command. See the scanned notes for what this looks like, I will just write it.

RE: Assistance needed: Try the command \pitchfork. I don't think you need any special packages, and it's pretty close to the "intersects transversally" symbol.


Definition 4

intersects transversally if is transversal to at every point


Theorem 3

If transversally then

1) is a manifold of dimension

2) Locally can find charts so that and with


Recall a Thm from Linear Algebra

If and subspaces of V then

In particular if then


Proof Scheme for Theorem 3

We can write for some such

We then write

Hence,

We want . To prove this, we consider the aforementioned theorem from linear algebra with respect to the vector spaces obeying

hence, and by rank nullity,

as we wanted.

This shows that 0 is a regular value and hence by our previous theorem is a submanifold.

Now, we know we can construct the following diagram,

where

We then set (the function that takes the first coordinates only)

hence, and is a chart for

We now consider given by

i.e. operating via the following table,

Then,

for blocks I of the appropriate sizes.

Thus (loosely) Q.E.D


Now on to some examples and comments about why Sard's Theorem is expected, but not obvious:

Example 5

Consider a standard "first year" smooth function . The "critical points" are in the first year calculus sense where the derivative is zero and the critical values are the images of these points. hence, the set of critical values we expect to be "small"

Example 6

Consider the function that folds the plane in half. The critical points are along the fold, as are the critical values and this line has 1 dimension and so of trivial measure in the plane (not that we have not given it a measure yet!)


Claims:

1) whose critical values are homeomorphic to a cantor set.

2) cantor sets with measure arbitrarily close to 1

3) whose critical points are a cantor set cross a cantor set and whose critical values are everything. Hence we will need our functions to be in the theorem.

Evil functions

Example 1

Nota benne: Here we are using the name Cantor set for any perfect set with empty interior.

There exists a function smooth such that its set of critical values is homeomorphic to a Cantor set.


Remember that

is a smooth function such that

We can define the function in the complement of a Cantor set using the appropriate in the intervals of the complement.

Notices that holds the conditions of the example.

We can divide the new in each step of the construction by just to make the integral converge. And of course define h(t)=0 on the Cantor set.

Observe that, since is non negative, is increasing (observe it is strictly increasing)(it is continuous too!). Since increasing continuous functions have continuous inverses it is a homeomorphism.