06-240/Classnotes For Tuesday October 3

06-240/Navigation Panel   # Week of... Notes and Links 1 Sep 11 About, Tue, HW1, Putnam, Thu 2 Sep 18 Tue, HW2, Thu 3 Sep 25 Tue, HW3, Photo, Thu 4 Oct 2 Tue, HW4, Thu 5 Oct 9 Tue, HW5, Thu 6 Oct 16 Why?, Iso, Tue, Thu 7 Oct 23 Term Test, Thu (double) 8 Oct 30 Tue, HW6, Thu 9 Nov 6 Tue, HW7, Thu 10 Nov 13 Tue, HW8, Thu 11 Nov 20 Tue, HW9, Thu 12 Nov 27 Tue, HW10, Thu 13 Dec 4 On the final, Tue, Thu F Dec 11 Final: Dec 13 2-5PM at BN3, Exam Forum Register of Good Deeds Add your name / see who's in! edit the panel

Links to Classnotes

• PDF file by User:Alla: Week 4 Lecture 1 notes
• PDF file by User:Gokmen: Week 4 Lecture 1 notes

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Definition. $v\in V$is a linear combination of elements in $S\subset V$ if $\exists u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}\in S$ and $a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}\in F$ such that $V=\sum a_{i}u_{i}$

Example. ${\mbox{In }}P_{3}(\mathbb {R} ){\mbox{,}}$ $v_{1}^{}=2x^{3}-2x^{2}+12-6{\mbox{ is a linear combination of:}}$ $u_{1}^{}=x^{3}-2x^{2}-5x-3{\mbox{ and }}u_{2}=3x^{3}-5x^{2}-4x-9$ ${\mbox{but }}v_{2}^{}=3x^{3}-2x^{2}+7x+8{\mbox{ is not.}}$

${\mbox{Why?}}{}_{}^{}$

$v_{1}^{}=2x^{3}-2x^{2}+12-6=a_{1}^{}u_{1}+a_{2}u_{2}$

$=a_{1}(x^{3}-2x^{2}-5x-3)+a_{2}(3x^{3}-5x^{2}-4x-9){}_{}^{}$

$v_{1}^{}=-4u_{1}+2u_{2}$

${\mbox{Definition}}{}_{}^{}$

${\mbox{We say that a subset }}S\subset V{\mbox{ generates or spans }}V$

${\mbox{ if span }}S=\lbrace {\mbox{ all linear combinations of elements in }}S\rbrace =V{}_{}^{}$

${\mbox{Examples}}{}_{}^{}$

$V=M_{2\times 2}(\mathbb {R} )$

$M_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},M_{2}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},M_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}},M_{4}{\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}$

$N_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&1\end{pmatrix}},N_{2}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\1&1\end{pmatrix}},N_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}1&1\\0&1\end{pmatrix}},N_{4}{\begin{pmatrix}1&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}$

${\mbox{Claims}}{}_{}^{}$

1. $\lbrace M_{1}^{},M_{2},M_{3},M_{4}\rbrace {\mbox{ generates }}V$
2. $\lbrace N_{1}^{},N_{2},N_{3},N_{4}\rbrace {\mbox{ generates }}V$
3. $\lbrace M_{1}^{},M_{2},M_{3}\rbrace {\mbox{ does not generate }}V$
4. $\lbrace N_{1}^{},N_{2},N_{3}\rbrace {\mbox{ does not generate }}V$

${\mbox{Proof of 1}}{}_{}^{}$

${\mbox{Given any }}B={\begin{pmatrix}b_{11}^{}&b_{12}\\b_{21}&b_{22}\end{pmatrix}}{\mbox{ need to find }}a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},a_{4}{\mbox{ such that,}}$

${\begin{pmatrix}b_{11}^{}&b_{12}\\b_{21}&b_{22}\end{pmatrix}}=B=a_{1}M_{1}+a_{2}M_{2}+a_{3}M_{3}+a_{4}M_{4}={\begin{pmatrix}a_{1}&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0&a_{2}\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\a_{3}&0\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\0&a_{4}\end{pmatrix}}$

$={\begin{pmatrix}a_{1}^{}&a_{2}\\a_{3}&a_{4}\end{pmatrix}}\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}b_{11}=a_{1}\\b_{12}=a_{2}\\b_{21}=a_{3}\\b_{22}=a_{4}\end{cases}}$ ${\mbox{A system of 4 equations with 4 unknowns}}{}_{}^{}$
${\mbox{Proof of 2}}{}_{}^{}$

${\begin{pmatrix}b_{11}^{}&b_{12}\\b_{21}&b_{22}\end{pmatrix}}=B=a_{1}N_{1}+a_{2}N_{2}+a_{3}N_{3}+a_{4}N_{4}={\begin{pmatrix}0&a_{1}\\a_{1}&a_{1}\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}a_{2}&0\\a_{2}&a_{2}\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}a_{3}&a_{3}\\0&a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}a_{4}&a_{4}\\a_{4}&0\end{pmatrix}}$

$={\begin{pmatrix}a_{2}^{}+a_{3}+a_{4}&a_{1}+a_{3}+a_{4}\\a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{4}&a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}\Leftrightarrow {\begin{cases}b_{11}=a_{2}+a_{3}+a_{4}\\b_{12}=a_{1}+a_{3}+a_{4}\\b_{21}=a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{4}\\b_{22}=a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{3}\end{cases}}$

${\mbox{Trick}}{}_{}^{}$

$M_{1}={\frac {1}{3}}\left(N_{1}+N_{2}+N_{3}+N_{4}\right)-3N_{1}$ $M_{2}={\frac {1}{3}}\left(N_{1}+N_{2}+N_{3}+N_{4}\right)-3N_{2}$ $M_{3}={\frac {1}{3}}\left(N_{1}+N_{2}+N_{3}+N_{4}\right)-3N_{3}$ $M_{4}={\frac {1}{3}}\left(N_{1}+N_{2}+N_{3}+N_{4}\right)-3N_{4}$

$B=b_{11}^{}M_{1}+b_{12}M_{3}+b_{21}M_{3}+b_{22}M_{4}$ $=b_{11}\left({\frac {1}{3}}\left(N_{1}+N_{2}+N_{3}+N_{4}\right)-3N_{1}\right)+\ldots$

$={\mbox{ a linear combination of }}N_{1}^{},N_{2},N_{3},N_{4}$

${\mbox{Proof of 3}}{}_{}^{}$

${\mbox{Indeed in }}a_{1}^{}M_{1}+a_{2}M_{2}+a_{3}M_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}a_{1}&a_{2}\\a_{3}&0\end{pmatrix}}{\mbox{ lower right corner is always }}0$

${\mbox{for example }}{\begin{pmatrix}240&157\\e&\pi \end{pmatrix}}{\mbox{ not in span.}}$

${\mbox{Proof of 4}}{}_{}^{}$

$a_{1}^{}N_{1}+a_{2}N_{2}+a_{3}N_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}a_{2}+a_{3}&a_{1}+a_{3}\\a_{1}+a_{2}&a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}$

${\begin{pmatrix}240&157\\e&\pi \end{pmatrix}}{\mbox{ is equal? }}{\begin{cases}240=a_{2}+a_{3}\\157=a_{1}+a_{3}\\e=a_{1}+a_{2}\\\pi =a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{3}\end{cases}}\Rightarrow {\mbox{No solution}}$

${\mbox{Motivation}}{}_{}^{}$

$S\subset V{\mbox{ is linearly dependent if it is wasteful,}}$ ${\mbox{i.e. if }}\exists v\in V{\mbox{ such that }}\exists a_{1}^{}\ldots a_{n}\in F{\mbox{ and }}u_{1}^{}\ldots u_{2}\in S$ ${\mbox{ and }}\exists b_{1}^{}\ldots b_{m}\in F{\mbox{ and }}w_{1}\ldots w_{m}\in S$

${\mbox{so that }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}u_{i}=v=\sum _{i=1}^{m}b_{i}w_{i}$

$\sum a_{i}u_{i}-\sum b_{i}w_{i}=0$

${\mbox{can be represented as }}\sum c_{i}z_{i}=0$

${\mbox{Definition}}{}_{}^{}$

$S\subset V{\mbox{ is called linearly dependent if you can find }}$ $z_{1}^{}\ldots z_{n}\in S{\mbox{ different from each other and }}c_{1}^{}\ldots c_{n}\in F{\mbox{ so that not all of which are }}0,$ ${\mbox{so that }}\sum c_{i}z_{i}=0{\mbox{ otherwise, }}S{\mbox{ is called linearly independent}}$

${\mbox{Example 1}}{}_{}^{}$

${\mbox{In }}\mathbb {R} ,S=\lbrace {\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}4&5&6\end{pmatrix}},{\begin{pmatrix}7&8&9\end{pmatrix}}\rbrace {\mbox{ is linearly dependent}}$

$1\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\end{pmatrix}}-2\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}4&5&6\end{pmatrix}}+1\cdot {\begin{pmatrix}7&8&9\end{pmatrix}}=0$

${\mbox{Example 2}}{}_{}^{}$

$\mathbb {R} ^{n},e_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\\vdots \\1\\\vdots \\0\end{pmatrix}}i^{th}{\mbox{ row}}$

$S=\lbrace e_{1}^{},\ldots ,e_{n}\rbrace$

${\mbox{Claim }}S{\mbox{ is linearly independent}}{}_{}^{}$

${\begin{pmatrix}0\\\vdots \\0\end{pmatrix}}=0=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}e_{i}={\begin{pmatrix}a_{1}\\a_{2}\\\vdots \\a_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\Rightarrow {\begin{matrix}a_{1}=0\\a_{2}=0\\\vdots \\a_{n}=0\end{matrix}}$

${\mbox{not not all }}a_{i}^{}{\mbox{ are }}0\Rightarrow {\mbox{ not linearly dependent.}}$

${\mbox{Claim }}S\subset V{\mbox{ is linearly independent iff whenever }}\sum a_{i}u_{i}=0{\mbox{ and distinct }}u_{i}\in S{\mbox{ then }}\forall i\quad a_{i}=0$

${\mbox{Comments}}{}_{}^{}$

1. $\emptyset \subset V{\mbox{ is linearly independent}}$
2. ${\mbox{Suppose }}u\in V,\quad \lbrace u\rbrace {\mbox{ the singleton set is linearly independent iff }}u_{}^{}\neq 0$

$\lbrace 0\rbrace {\mbox{ is linearly dependent. example }}7\cdot 0=0$

${\mbox{if }}u\neq 0{\mbox{ assume }}a\cdot u=0{\mbox{, and }}a\neq 0\Rightarrow a_{}^{-1}au=0\Rightarrow u=0{\mbox{ contradiction results, so no such }}a{\mbox{ exists.}}$ ${\mbox{ So}}{}_{}^{}\lbrace u\rbrace {\mbox{is not linearly dependent, hence it is linearly independent.}}$