07-401/Class Notes for March 7: Difference between revisions

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{{07-401/Navigation}}
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{{In Preparation}}


==Class Plan==
==Class Plan==


Some discussion of the [[07-401/Term Test|term test]] and [[07-401/Homework Assignment 6|HW6]].
Some discussion of the [[07-401/Term Test|term test]] and [[07-401/Homework Assignment 6|HW6]].

Some discussion of our general plan.

Lecture [[07-401/Notes|notes]]


===Extension Fields===
===Extension Fields===
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'''Definition.''' <math>F(a_1,\ldots,a_n)</math>.
'''Definition.''' <math>F(a_1,\ldots,a_n)</math>.


'''Theorem.''' If <math>a</math> is a root of an irreducible polynomial <math>p\in F[x]</math>, within some extension field <math>E</math> of <math>F</math>, then <math>F(a)\cong F[a]/\langle p\rangle</math>, and <math>\{1,a,a^2,\ldots,a^{n-1}\}</math> (here <math>n=\deg p</math>) is a basis for <math>F(a)</math> over <math>F</math>.
'''Theorem.''' If <math>a</math> is a root of an irreducible polynomial <math>p\in F[x]</math>, within some extension field <math>E</math> of <math>F</math>, then <math>F(a)\cong F[x]/\langle p\rangle</math>, and <math>\{1,a,a^2,\ldots,a^{n-1}\}</math> (here <math>n=\deg p</math>) is a basis for <math>F(a)</math> over <math>F</math>.


'''Corollary.''' In this case, <math>F(a)</math> depends only on <math>p</math>.
'''Corollary.''' In this case, <math>F(a)</math> depends only on <math>p</math>.
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'''Theorem.''' Any two splitting fields for <math>f\in F[x]</math> over <math>F</math> are isomorphic.
'''Theorem.''' Any two splitting fields for <math>f\in F[x]</math> over <math>F</math> are isomorphic.


'''Lemma 1.''' If <math>p\in F[x]</math> irreducible over <math>F</math>, <math>\phi:F\to F'</math> an isomorphism, <math>a</math> a root of <math>p</math> (in some <math>E/F</math>), <math>a'</math> a root of <math>\phi(p)</math> in some <math>E'/F'</math>, then <math>F[a]\cong F'[a']</math>.
'''Lemma 1.''' If <math>p\in F[x]</math> irreducible over <math>F</math>, <math>\phi:F\to F'</math> an isomorphism, <math>a</math> a root of <math>p</math> (in some <math>E/F</math>), <math>a'</math> a root of <math>\phi(p)</math> in some <math>E'/F'</math>, then <math>F(a)\cong F'(a')</math>.


'''Lemma 2.''' Isomorphisms can be extended to splitting fields.
'''Lemma 2.''' Isomorphisms can be extended to splitting fields.


===Zeros of Irreducible Polynomials===
===Zeros of Irreducible Polynomials===

(This section was not covered on March 7, parts of it will be covered later on).


'''Definition.''' The derivative of a polynomial.
'''Definition.''' The derivative of a polynomial.
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'''Theorem.''' <math>f\in F[x]</math> has a multiple zero in some extension field of <math>F</math> iff <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math> have a common factor of positive degree.
'''Theorem.''' <math>f\in F[x]</math> has a multiple zero in some extension field of <math>F</math> iff <math>f</math> and <math>f'</math> have a common factor of positive degree.


'''Lemma.''' The property of "being relatively prime" is preserved under extensions.
===Perfect Fields===

'''Theorem.''' Let <math>f\in F[x]</math> be irreducible. If <math>\operatorname{char}F=0</math>, then <math>f</math> has no multiple zeros in any extension of <math>F</math>. If <math>\operatorname{char}F=p>0</math>, then <math>f</math> has multiple zeros (in some extension) iff it is of the form <math>g(x^p)</math> for some <math>g\in F[x]</math>.

'''Definition.''' A perfect field.

'''Theorem.''' A finite field is perfect.

'''Theorem.''' An irreducible polynomial over a perfect field has no multiple zeros (in any extension).

'''Theorem.''' Let <math>f\in F[x]</math> be irreducible and let <math>E</math> be the splitting field of <math>f</math> over <math>F</math>. Then in <math>E</math> all zeros of <math>f</math> have the same multiplicity.

'''Corollary.''' <math>f</math> as above must have the form <math>a(x-a_1)^n\cdots(x-a_k)^n</math> for some <math>a\in F</math> and <math>a_1,\ldots,a_k\in E</math>.

'''Example.''' <math>x^2-t\in{\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]</math> is irreducible and has a single zero of multiplicity 2 within its splitting field over <math>{\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]</math>.

==Lecture Notes==

===Page 1===

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===Page 6===

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Latest revision as of 10:38, 22 April 2007

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Class Plan

Some discussion of the term test and HW6.

Some discussion of our general plan.

Lecture notes

Extension Fields

Definition. An extension field of .

Theorem. For every non-constant polynomial in there is an extension of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} in which Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has a zero.

Example Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^2+1} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb R}} .

Example Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^5+2x^2+2x+2=(x^2+1)(x^3+2x+2)} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb Z}/3} .

Definition. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(a_1,\ldots,a_n)} .

Theorem. If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a} is a root of an irreducible polynomial , within some extension field Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E} of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(a)\cong F[x]/\langle p\rangle} , and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \{1,a,a^2,\ldots,a^{n-1}\}} (here Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n=\deg p} ) is a basis for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(a)} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} .

Corollary. In this case, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(a)} depends only on .

Splitting Fields

Definition. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f\in F[x]} splits in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E/F} , a splitting field for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} .

Theorem. A splitting field always exists.

Example. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^4-x^2-2=(x^2-2)(x^2+1)} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb Q}} .

Example. Factor Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^2+x+2\in{\mathbb Z}_3[x]} within its splitting field Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb Z}_3[x]/\langle x^2+x+2\rangle} .

Theorem. Any two splitting fields for over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} are isomorphic.

Lemma 1. If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p\in F[x]} irreducible over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi:F\to F'} an isomorphism, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a} a root of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p} (in some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E/F} ), Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a'} a root of in some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E'/F'} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F(a)\cong F'(a')} .

Lemma 2. Isomorphisms can be extended to splitting fields.

Zeros of Irreducible Polynomials

(This section was not covered on March 7, parts of it will be covered later on).

Definition. The derivative of a polynomial.

Claim. The derivative operation is linear and satisfies Leibnitz's law.

Theorem. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f\in F[x]} has a multiple zero in some extension field of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} iff Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'} have a common factor of positive degree.

Lemma. The property of "being relatively prime" is preserved under extensions.

Theorem. Let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f\in F[x]} be irreducible. If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \operatorname{char}F=0} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has no multiple zeros in any extension of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} . If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \operatorname{char}F=p>0} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has multiple zeros (in some extension) iff it is of the form Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g(x^p)} for some .

Definition. A perfect field.

Theorem. A finite field is perfect.

Theorem. An irreducible polynomial over a perfect field has no multiple zeros (in any extension).

Theorem. Let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f\in F[x]} be irreducible and let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E} be the splitting field of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} . Then in Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E} all zeros of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} have the same multiplicity.

Corollary. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} as above must have the form for some and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_1,\ldots,a_k\in E} .

Example. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^2-t\in{\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]} is irreducible and has a single zero of multiplicity 2 within its splitting field over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]} .

Lecture Notes

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