07-401/Class Notes for March 7

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Class Plan

Some discussion of the term test and HW6.

Some discussion of our general plan.

Lecture notes

Extension Fields

Definition. An extension field Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E} of $F$.

Theorem. For every non-constant polynomial $f$ in $F[x]$ there is an extension $E$ of $F$ in which $f$ has a zero.

Example $x^{2}+1$ over ${\mathbb {R} }$.

Example $x^{5}+2x^{2}+2x+2=(x^{2}+1)(x^{3}+2x+2)$ over ${\mathbb {Z} }/3$.

Definition. $F(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n})$.

Theorem. If $a$ is a root of an irreducible polynomial $p\in F[x]$, within some extension field $E$ of $F$, then $F(a)\cong F[x]/\langle p\rangle$, and $\{1,a,a^{2},\ldots ,a^{n-1}\}$ (here $n=\deg p$) is a basis for $F(a)$ over $F$.

Corollary. In this case, $F(a)$ depends only on $p$.

Splitting Fields

Definition. $f\in F[x]$ splits in $E/F$, a splitting field for $f$ over $F$.

Theorem. A splitting field always exists.

Example. $x^{4}-x^{2}-2=(x^{2}-2)(x^{2}+1)$ over ${\mathbb {Q} }$.

Example. Factor $x^{2}+x+2\in {\mathbb {Z} }_{3}[x]$ within its splitting field ${\mathbb {Z} }_{3}[x]/\langle x^{2}+x+2\rangle$.

Theorem. Any two splitting fields for $f\in F[x]$ over $F$ are isomorphic.

Lemma 1. If $p\in F[x]$ irreducible over $F$, $\phi :F\to F'$ an isomorphism, $a$ a root of $p$ (in some $E/F$), $a'$ a root of $\phi (p)$ in some $E'/F'$, then $F(a)\cong F'(a')$.

Lemma 2. Isomorphisms can be extended to splitting fields.

Zeros of Irreducible Polynomials

(This section was not covered on March 7, parts of it will be covered later on).

Definition. The derivative of a polynomial.

Claim. The derivative operation is linear and satisfies Leibnitz's law.

Theorem. $f\in F[x]$ has a multiple zero in some extension field of $F$ iff $f$ and $f'$ have a common factor of positive degree.

Lemma. The property of "being relatively prime" is preserved under extensions.

Theorem. Let $f\in F[x]$ be irreducible. If $\operatorname {char} F=0$, then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has no multiple zeros in any extension of $F$. If $\operatorname {char} F=p>0$, then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} has multiple zeros (in some extension) iff it is of the form Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g(x^p)} for some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g\in F[x]} .

Definition. A perfect field.

Theorem. A finite field is perfect.

Theorem. An irreducible polynomial over a perfect field has no multiple zeros (in any extension).

Theorem. Let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f\in F[x]} be irreducible and let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle E} be the splitting field of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} over $F$. Then in $E$ all zeros of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} have the same multiplicity.

Corollary. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f} as above must have the form Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a(x-a_1)^n\cdots(x-a_k)^n} for some Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\in F} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_1,\ldots,a_k\in E} .

Example. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^2-t\in{\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]} is irreducible and has a single zero of multiplicity 2 within its splitting field over Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle {\mathbb Z}_2(t)[x]} .

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