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	<updated>2026-05-07T00:01:40Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=14615</id>
		<title>14-240/Class Photo</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=14615"/>
		<updated>2015-03-14T18:59:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;TSoDssy: Delete my information&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Our class on September 24, 2014:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:14-240-ClassPhoto.jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Class Photo: click to enlarge]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{14-240/Navigation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please identify yourself in this photo! There are two ways to do that:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Special:Userlogin|Log in]] to this Wiki and edit this page. Put your name, userid, email address and location in the picture in the alphabetical list below.&lt;br /&gt;
* Send [[User:Drorbn|Dror]] an email message with this information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first option is more fun but less private.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Who We Are...===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Bar-Natan|first=Dror|userid=Drorbn|email=drorbn@ math. toronto. edu|location=facing everybody, as the photographer|comments=Take this entry as a model and leave it first. Otherwise alphabetize by last name. Feel free to leave some fields blank. For better line-breaking, leave a space next to the &amp;quot;@&amp;quot; in email addresses.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--PLEASE KEEP IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, BY LAST NAME--&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Aleem|first=Asad|userid=AsadAleem|email=asad. aleem@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Third from left in the seventh or eighth row, wearing a bright blue T-Shirt|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=An|first=Ruiwen|userid=Christine An|email=christine. an@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;sunny girl&amp;quot; in dark brown (maybe) fifth from the left in the second row|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Cho|first=Alex|userid=Alex10002|email=aileefangirl. cho@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Top left blue uoft sweather|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Doucet|first=Yannick|userid=Ydoucet|email=yannick. doucet@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Second row, second from the right, with a cap on|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Field|first=Grace|userid=Grace.field|email=grace. field@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl wearing a dark blue shirt in the third row, fifth from right|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Gomes|first=Andrew|userid=Agomes|email=andrew. gomes@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;young man&amp;quot; in the second row wearing a white T-shirt|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Guo|first=Chenyu|userid=chenyuguo|email=chenyu.guo@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;little girl&amp;quot; in the middle part of the last 4th row wearing a white shirt |comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Huang|first=Charles|userid=Charlesh|email=cherls. huang@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Fifth row, far left, stripped shirt|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Huang|first=Zane|userid=Bug|email=zane. huang@ mail.utoronto. ca|location=The dude way back in the eighth row on the right with his elbows up.|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Jiang|first=Yue|userid=Yue.Jiang|email=yuenj. jiang@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;little girl&amp;quot; in the second row, second from the left|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Lin|first=Tong|userid=Tong Lin|email=tong. lin@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The gentleman third from the right in the seventh row|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Long|first=Austin|userid=AustinL|email=austin. long@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The blonde male in the blue t-shirt near the left side stairs eighth row|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Looi|first=Shi Hao|userid=Shl|email=shihao. looi@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Third row, third from left (if we are including the front row with just four or so chairs; otherwise, second row.) |comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Luo|first=Danny (Xiao)|userid=Danny.luo|email=danny. luo (at) mail.utoronto. ca|location=The man third from the left in the second row, with a backpack in between his legs|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Mazin|first=Alexander|userid=AM|email=alexander.mazin@ mail.utoronto. ca|location=The man in the middle of the eight row blue t-shirt, arms folded|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=McClure|first=Robertson|userid=r.mcclure|email=r. mcclure@ mail. toronto. edu|location= Sitting in the top left in a baby blue t-shirt wearing lanyard and small black necklace|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Morenz|first=Greg|userid=morenzg|email=greg.morenz@mail.utoronto.ca|location=Front Row, Third from the right, in all black.|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Nackan|first=Danny|userid=DannyN|email=danny. nackan@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=Second row, fourth from the right.|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Peng|first=Yuelin|userid=Ellen|email=yuelin.peng@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl in a red shirt in the middle of the first row|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Piper|first=Cheyenne|userid=piperche|email=cheyenne.piper@ mail.utoronto. ca|location= 5th row,third from left,wearing a grey,red and black shirt,Behind the guy making the C sign,in front of the girl in white|comments= insert an inspirational quote here}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Shim|first=Soho|userid=Soho|email=soho. shim@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl wearing a white T-shirt in the first row, third from the right|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Teunissen|first=Samuel|userid=Samuel Teunissen|email=samuel. teunissen@ mail. utoronto. ca|location= Fourth rom the right in the fourth row|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Tjandra|first=Donna|userid=Donna Tjandra|email=donna. tjandra@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl in the 9th full row, 4th from the right, wearing a purple sweater|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Wei|first=Zhiyang|userid=Gianne|email=zhiyang. wei@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=second row, third from the right|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Wu|first=Boyang|userid=Boyang.wu|email=boyang. wu@mail. utoronto. ca|location=The boy with plaid shirt in the middle of fourth row from bottom and no neighbor sits beside him.|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--PLEASE KEEP IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, BY LAST NAME--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>TSoDssy</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=13395</id>
		<title>14-240/Class Photo</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=13395"/>
		<updated>2014-09-25T04:54:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;TSoDssy: /* Who We Are... */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Our class on September 24, 2014:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:14-240-ClassPhoto.jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Class Photo: click to enlarge]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{14-240/Navigation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please identify yourself in this photo! There are two ways to do that:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Special:Userlogin|Log in]] to this Wiki and edit this page. Put your name, userid, email address and location in the picture in the alphabetical list below.&lt;br /&gt;
* Send [[User:Drorbn|Dror]] an email message with this information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first option is more fun but less private.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Who We Are...===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!First Name &lt;br /&gt;
!Last Name &lt;br /&gt;
!ID wcashore&lt;br /&gt;
!e-mail &lt;br /&gt;
!Location &lt;br /&gt;
!Comments &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Bar-Natan|first=Dror|userid=Drorbn|email=drorbn@ math. toronto. edu|location=facing everybody, as the photographer|comments=Take this entry as a model and leave it first. Otherwise alphabetize by last name. Feel free to leave some fields blank. For better line-breaking, leave a space next to the &amp;quot;@&amp;quot; in email addresses.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Jiang|first=Yue|userid=Yue.Jiang|email=yuenj.jiang@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;little girl&amp;quot; in the second row, second from the left|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Shen|first=Crystal|userid=tsodssy|email=crystal.shen@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl not facing the camera (How did this happen?) in the front row right corner|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Shim|first=Soho|userid=Soho|email=soho.shim@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl wearing a white T-shirt in the first row, third from the right|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--PLEASE KEEP IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, BY LAST NAME--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>TSoDssy</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=13394</id>
		<title>14-240/Class Photo</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Class_Photo&amp;diff=13394"/>
		<updated>2014-09-25T04:38:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;TSoDssy: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Our class on September 24, 2014:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:14-240-ClassPhoto.jpg|thumb|centre|800px|Class Photo: click to enlarge]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{14-240/Navigation}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please identify yourself in this photo! There are two ways to do that:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Special:Userlogin|Log in]] to this Wiki and edit this page. Put your name, userid, email address and location in the picture in the alphabetical list below.&lt;br /&gt;
* Send [[User:Drorbn|Dror]] an email message with this information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first option is more fun but less private.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Who We Are...===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!First Name &lt;br /&gt;
!Last Name &lt;br /&gt;
!ID wcashore&lt;br /&gt;
!e-mail &lt;br /&gt;
!Location &lt;br /&gt;
!Comments &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Bar-Natan|first=Dror|userid=Drorbn|email=drorbn@ math. toronto. edu|location=facing everybody, as the photographer|comments=Take this entry as a model and leave it first. Otherwise alphabetize by last name. Feel free to leave some fields blank. For better line-breaking, leave a space next to the &amp;quot;@&amp;quot; in email addresses.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Jiang|first=Yue|userid=Yue.Jiang|email=yuenj.jiang@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The &amp;quot;little girl&amp;quot; in the second row, second from the left|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Shen|first=Crystal|userid=tsodssy|email=crystal.shen@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl not facing the camera (How did this happen?) on the front row right corner|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Photo Entry|last=Shim|first=Soho|userid=Soho|email=soho.shim@ mail. utoronto. ca|location=The girl wearing a white T-shirt in the first row, third from the right|comments=}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!--PLEASE KEEP IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, BY LAST NAME--&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>TSoDssy</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Classnotes_for_Monday_September_15&amp;diff=13313</id>
		<title>14-240/Classnotes for Monday September 15</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Classnotes_for_Monday_September_15&amp;diff=13313"/>
		<updated>2014-09-16T17:38:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;TSoDssy: more typesetting. Do we have the proof environment here?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Definition: &lt;br /&gt;
            Subtraction: if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a, b \in F, a - b = a + (-b)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
            Division: if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a, b \in F, a / b = a \times b^{-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Theorem:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
         8. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall a \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 8: By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = a \times (0 + 0)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By F5 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times (0 + 0) = a \times 0 + a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = 0 + a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By Thm P1,&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 = a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
         9. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\nexists b \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; s.t. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 \times b = 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
            &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall b \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; s.t. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 \times b \neq 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 9: By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\times b = 0 \neq 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
        10. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(-a) \times b = a \times (-b) = -(a \times b)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
      &lt;br /&gt;
        11. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(-a) \times (-b) = a \times b&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
       &lt;br /&gt;
        12. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 \iff a = 0 or b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 12: &amp;lt;= : By P8 , if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , then &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 \times b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      By P8 , if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , then &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = a \times 0 = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                                 =&amp;gt; : Assume &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , if a = 0 we are done;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Otherwise , by P8 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \neq 0 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; and we have &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 = a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;  &lt;br /&gt;
                                                  by cancellation (P2) , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(a + b) \times (a - b) = a^2 - b^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
         proof: By F5 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(a + b) \times (a - b) = a \times (a + (-b)) + b \times (a + (-b))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                                &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= a \times a + a \times (-b) + b \times a + (-b) \times b&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                                &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= a^2 - b^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Theorem : &lt;br /&gt;
         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\exists! \iota : \Z \rightarrow F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  s.t.&lt;br /&gt;
               1. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(0) = 0 , \iota(1) = 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
               2. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall m ,n \in \Z, \iota(m+n) = \iota(m) + \iota(n)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
               3. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall m ,n \in \Z, \iota(m\times n) = \iota(m) \times \iota(n)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(2) = \iota(1+1) = \iota(1) + \iota(1) = 1 + 1;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(3) = \iota(2+1) = \iota(2) + \iota(1) = \iota(2) + 1;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
         ......                                                                          &lt;br /&gt;
      &lt;br /&gt;
         In F2 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;27 ----&amp;gt; \iota(27) = \iota(26 + 1)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= \iota(26) + \iota(1)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= \iota(26) + 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= \iota(13 \times 2) + 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= \iota(2) \times \iota(13) + 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= (1 + 1) \times \iota(13) + 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= 0 \times \iota(13) + 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                                         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;= 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>TSoDssy</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Classnotes_for_Monday_September_15&amp;diff=13312</id>
		<title>14-240/Classnotes for Monday September 15</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://drorbn.net/index.php?title=14-240/Classnotes_for_Monday_September_15&amp;diff=13312"/>
		<updated>2014-09-16T17:31:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;TSoDssy: fix typesetting, test latex&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Definition: &lt;br /&gt;
            Subtraction: if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a, b \in F, a - b = a + (-b)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
            Division: if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a, b \in F, a / b = a \times b^{-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Theorem:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
         8. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall a \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 8: By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = a \times (0 + 0)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By F5 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times (0 + 0) = a \times 0 + a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times 0 = 0 + a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                By Thm P1,&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 = a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
         9. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\nexists b \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; s.t. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 \times b = 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
            &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\forall b \in F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; s.t. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 \times b \neq 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 9: By F3 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\times b = 0 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;is not equal to &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
        10. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(-a) \times b = a \times (-b) = -(a \times b)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
      &lt;br /&gt;
        11. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(-a) \times (-b) = a \times b&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
       &lt;br /&gt;
        12. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 \iff a = 0 or b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                    proof of 12: &amp;lt;= : By P8 , if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , then &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 \times b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      By P8 , if &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , then &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = a \times 0 = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
                                 =&amp;gt; : Assume &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , if a = 0 we are done;&lt;br /&gt;
                                      Otherwise , by P8 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; is not equal to &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;0 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;and we have &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;a \times b = 0 = a \times 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;  &lt;br /&gt;
                                                  by cancellation (P2) , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;b = 0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(a + b) \times (a - b) = a^2 - b^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
         proof: By F5 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(a + b) \times (a - b) = a \times (a + (-b)) + b \times (a + (-b))&lt;br /&gt;
                                                = a \times a + a \times (-b) + b \times a + (-b) \times b&lt;br /&gt;
                                                = a^2 - b^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Theorem : &lt;br /&gt;
         &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\exists! \iota : \Z \rightarrow F&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;  s.t.&lt;br /&gt;
               1. &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(0) = 0 , \iota(1) = 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
               2. For every &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;m ,n \in Z&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(m+n) = \iota(m) + \iota(n)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;;&lt;br /&gt;
               3. For every &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;m ,n \in &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\iota(m\times n) = \iota(m) \times \iota(n)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
         iota(2) = iota(1+1) = iota(1) + iota(1) = 1 + 1;&lt;br /&gt;
         iota(3) = iota(2+1) = iota(2) + iota(1) = iota(2) + 1; &lt;br /&gt;
         ......                                                                          &lt;br /&gt;
      &lt;br /&gt;
         In F2 , &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;27 ----&amp;gt; iota(27) = iota(26 + 1)&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = iota(26) + iota(1)&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = iota(26) + 1&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = iota(13 \times 2) + 1&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = iota(2) \times iota(13) + 1&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = (1 + 1) \times iota(13) + 1&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = 0 \times iota(13) + 1&lt;br /&gt;
                                         = 1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>TSoDssy</name></author>
	</entry>
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