Difference between revisions of "12-240/Classnotes for Tuesday September 11"

From Drorbn
Jump to: navigation, search
(Scanned Notes by User:Sina.zoghi)
(Scanned Notes by Sina.zoghi)
Line 267: Line 267:
  
 
==Scanned Notes by [[User:Sina.zoghi|Sina.zoghi]]==
 
==Scanned Notes by [[User:Sina.zoghi|Sina.zoghi]]==
[[User:Sina.zoghi|Sina.zoghi]] - I have linked your notes below, so that you and other can see how such scanned notes may be linked. Though I'm afraid the quality of the scans is rather low - they are of low contrast and there is too much "white space" around each page. So the thumbnails are barely readable. If you'd be able to re-upload better scans (under the same filenames) that will be great. [[User:Drorbn|Drorbn]] 09:14, 12 September 2012 (EDT)
+
[[User:Sina.zoghi|Sina.zoghi]] - Thanks for improving on the previously-uploaded scans - though there is still too much "white space" around each page. It is probably not worth your while to fix it for these scans, but it is something to keep in mind for later ones. [[User:Drorbn|Drorbn]] 10:50, 13 September 2012 (EDT)
  
 
[[Image:12-240-Sept11-Page1.jpeg|250px]]
 
[[Image:12-240-Sept11-Page1.jpeg|250px]]

Revision as of 10:50, 13 September 2012

In this course, we will be focusing on both a practical side and a theoretical side.

Contents

Practical Side

1. Solving complicated systems of equations, such as:

 5x_1 - 2x_2 + x_3 = 9\!
x_1 + x_2 - x_3 = -2\!
2x_1 + 9x_2 - 3x_3 = -4\!


2. We can turn the above into a matrix!


\begin{pmatrix}
 5 & -2 & 1 \\
 -1 & 1 & -1 \\
 2 & 9 & -3
\end{pmatrix} = A


Theory Side

3. "The world doesn't come with coordinates." We will learn to do all of this in a coordinate-free way.

4. We'll learn to do all of this over other sets of numbers and fields.


Hidden Agenda

5. We'll learn the process of pure mathematics by doing it. We'll learn about:

  • Abstraction
  • Generalization
  • Definitions
  • Theorems
  • Proofs
  • Notation
  • Logic




A number system has specific properties of the real numbers.

Real Numbers

A set, \mathbb{R}\!, with:

  • Two binary operations, addition and multiplication.
  • Two special elements, 0 and 1.

The real numbers have some special properties:

Commutative Laws

\mathbb{R}1

\forall\ a, b\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad a+b = b+a\!
\forall\ a, b\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad ab = ba\!

Associative Laws

\mathbb{R}2

\forall\ a, b, c\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)\!
\forall\ a, b, c\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad (ab) \cdot c = a \cdot (bc)\!

Existence of "Units"

\mathbb{R}3

\forall\ a\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad a + 0 = a\!
\forall\ a\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad a \cdot 1 = a\!

Existence of Negatives/Inverses

\mathbb{R}4

\forall\ a\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R}\ \exists\ b\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad a + b = 0\!
\forall\ a\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R}\ \exists\ b\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad a \cdot b = 1\!

Distributive Law

\mathbb{R}5

\forall\ a, b, c\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \quad (a+b) \cdot c = ac + bc\!


An example of a property that follows from the earlier ones:

a^2 - b^2 = (a + b)(a - b)\!

We can define subtraction and squaring from the properties covered above.


An example of a property that does not follow from the earlier ones:

The existence of square roots:

\forall\ a\ \exists\ b\ \quad b^2 = a\ or\ b^2 = -a\!

We can construct a set that has all of the 5 properties described above, but for which this property does not follow.

This set is the rational numbers.

There is a rational number a\! where there is no b in the set.

This is because\sqrt{2} is irrational.


Fields

The properties we have been discussing aren't restricted to only the real numbers.

They are also properties of:

  • Rational numbers
  • Complex numbers
  • Others


Let's construct an abstract universe where these properties hold.


Definition: Field

  • A field is a set, \mathbb{F}, with:
    • Two binary operations, addition and multiplication.
    • Two special elements, 0 and 1, where 0 does not equal 1.
    • All of the above mentioned properties hold.


Now, instead of speaking of \mathbb{R}1,\ \mathbb{R}2,\ \mathbb{R}3,\ \mathbb{R}4,\ \mathbb{R}5, we can speak of \mathbb{F}1,\ \mathbb{F}2,\ \mathbb{F}3,\ \mathbb{F}4,\ \mathbb{F}5.

We have abstracted!


Examples of Fields

  • Take \mathbb{F} = \mathbb{R}


  • Take \mathbb{F} = \mathbb{Q} (Rational numbers)


  • The complex numbers. \mathbb{C} = \lbrace a + bi \quad a, b\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{R} \rbrace


The above fields have an infinite number of elements. We can also have finite fields:


  • \mathbb{F} = \mathbb{F}_2 = \mathbb{Z}/2 = \lbrace 0, 1 \rbrace
    • There are only 2 elements.
    • You can think of 0 as even and 1 as odd, which will help you construct the tables below.
    • You can also think of the results below as the remainder of the operations when divided by 2. (mod 2)
+ 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
x 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1


  • \mathbb{F} = \mathbb{F}_3 = \mathbb{Z}/3 = \lbrace 0, 1, 2 \rbrace
+ 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
1 1 2 0
2 2 0 1
x 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2
2 0 2 1


  • \mathbb{F} = \mathbb{F}_5 = \mathbb{Z}/5 = \lbrace 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 \rbrace
    • Not going to bother making the tables here.


  • \mathbb{F}_4 is not a field.
    • It does not have the property \mathbb{R}5.
2 \cdot 0 = 0
2 \cdot 1 = 2
2 \cdot 2 = 0
2 \cdot 3 = 2
We never got a 1.


  • If the subscript is a prime number, it is a field.




Theorem:

1.

Let F be a field.
\forall a, b, c\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{F} \quad a+b = c+b
"Cancellation Lemma"
\Rightarrow a = c


2.

ab = cb, b \ne 0
\Rightarrow a = c


We'll cover 3-11 next class!


Proof of 1:

Let a, b, c\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{F}
by \mathbb{F} 4\ \exists\ d\ \epsilon\ \mathbb{F} \quad b+d = 0
so with this d, a+b = c+b\!
and so (a+b)+d = (c+b)+d\!
so by \mathbb{F} 2, a+(b+d) = c+(b+d)\!
so a+0 = c+0\!
so by \mathbb{F} 3 \quad a = c\!
\Box

Scanned Notes by Sina.zoghi

Sina.zoghi - Thanks for improving on the previously-uploaded scans - though there is still too much "white space" around each page. It is probably not worth your while to fix it for these scans, but it is something to keep in mind for later ones. Drorbn 10:50, 13 September 2012 (EDT)

12-240-Sept11-Page1.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page2.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page3.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page4.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page5.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page6.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page7.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page8.jpeg 12-240-Sept11-Page9.jpeg