Difference between revisions of "09-240/Classnotes for Tuesday September 22"

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(Food for thought)
(Class notes for today: Yangijay's notes)
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{{09-240/Class Notes Warning}}
 
==Class notes for today==
 
==Class notes for today==
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Vectors:
 
Vectors:

Revision as of 22:46, 22 September 2009

Contents

Some links


WARNING: The notes below, written for students and by students, are provided "as is", with absolutely no warranty. They can not be assumed to be complete, correct, reliable or relevant. If you don't like them, don't read them. It is a bad idea to stop taking your own notes thinking that these notes can be a total replacement - there's nothing like one's own handwriting! Visit this pages' history tab to see who added what and when.

Class notes for today

Vectors:

  1. can be added
  2. can be multiplied by a number (not another vector)

Let \mathcal F be a field. A vector space \mathbf V over the field \mathcal F is a set \mathbf V (of vectors) with a special element 0_V, a binary operation + : \mathbf V \times \mathbf V \rightarrow \mathbf V, a binary operation \cdot : \mathcal F \times \mathbf V \rightarrow \mathbf V.

Convention for today:
x, y, z \in \mathbf V
a, b, c \in \mathcal F

VS1 \forall x, y \in \mathbf V, x + y = y + x
VS2 \cdots (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
VS3 \cdots x + 0 = x
VS4 \forall x, \exists y \mbox{ s.t. } x + y = 0
VS5 1 \cdot x = x
VS6 a \cdot (b \cdot x) = (a \cdot b) \cdot x
VS7 a \cdot (x + y) = ax + ay
VS8 (a + b) \cdot x = ax + bx

Proof of VS4

Take an arbitrary x = \begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n \end{pmatrix} \in F^n

Set y = \begin{pmatrix} -a_1 \\ -a_2 \\ \vdots \\ -a_n \end{pmatrix} and note

x + y = \begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} -a_1 \\ -a_2 \\ \vdots \\ -a_n \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_1 + (-a_1) \\ a_2 + (-a_2) \\ \vdots \\ a_n + (-a_n) \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = 0_{F^n}

Examples

  1. F^n \mbox{ for } n \in \mathbb N
    F^n = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n \end{pmatrix} : a_i \in F \right\}
    \begin{pmatrix} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_1 + b_1 \\ a_2 + b_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_n + b_n \end{pmatrix}
    a \begin{pmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} ab_1 \\ ab_2 \\ \vdots \\ ab_n \end{pmatrix}
    ...
  2. \mathrm M_{m \times n}(F)
    ...
  3. \mathcal F(S, F)
  4. Polynomials
  5. ...

Food for thought

What is wrong with setting


\begin{pmatrix}
2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 \\
\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}
6 & 7 \\
8 & 9 \\
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}
2 \cdot 6 & 3 \cdot 7 \\
4 \cdot 8 & 5 \cdot 9 \\
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}
12 & 21 \\
32 & 45 \\
\end{pmatrix} ?

  1. Unnecessary for a V.S.
  2. This is useless, since it does not describe reality. For example, a mathematical theory with 46 dimensions can be perfect and mathematically elegant, but if the only solution to it is a universe in which life cannot form it is not reality, hence we have no use for it.